To produce explicit cavities, existing methods inflate the VDW radii, usually by the radius of a water molecule (1.4 Å), filling most interstitial space and cutting off remaining cavities from outside space. Setting the radius of the sphere to the physically reasonable VDW radius is problematic in that all empty space within the protein is usually contiguous with the outside of the protein. Multibody methods that directly measure cavities are typically based on a space-filling representation in which each atom is modeled as a hard sphere with radius equal to the van der Waals (VDW) radius of the atom. ![]() Cavity area and volume obey the inclusion–exclusion rule: total space filled is that filled by single atoms, minus two-body intersections, plus three body intersections, minus four body intersections, and so on, and cannot be accurately captured by pair-additive functions. However, the void volume and cavity contribution to the solvation free energy cannot be accurately expressed as a sum of atom pairs. The LJ energy, along with the majority of other commonly used force-field terms and scoring methods, is pairwise additive: each pair of atoms in a structure is evaluated, and the results are summed. ![]() The most widely used packing-related metric is the Leonard-Jones (LJ) interaction energy, which favors nonbonded atom pairs that are close together but not overlapping. Much work has been done in the assessment of protein core packing. 1 – 3 The near absence of voids in protein cores is in part a reflection of the large free energy cost of forming a protein-sized cavity in water, which increases steeply with the total volume of the structure, including voids. Protein cores are packed as tightly as corresponding crystals, and mutations that disrupt a protein core strongly reduce the free energy of folding. The second season never aired in the United States.Tight packing of side chains in protein cores is crucial to protein folding and stability.The show ended on a huge cliffhanger (Jetix Europe confirmed in August 2007 that the series wouldn't be renewed for a third season, and also possibly for SIP Animation to focus on Combo Niños).The toyline from Hasbro is a replacement to the classic Action Man toyline, featuring versions of the characters (except for Lioness) and recreations of vehicles from the show.Season 2 (which never aired in the United States) features a very shocking and sneaky plot twist (which we won't mention here, you'll have to watch it to believe it!).Good voice acting from voice actors like Clancy Brown, Tom Kenny and James Arnold Taylor.Catchy music by SIP Animation composers Alain Garcia and Noam Kaniel.The fights are very clever and entertaining. ![]() ![]() The Alpha Teens Axel, Hawk, Shark, Lioness and King just happen to be regular plain old teenagers who manage to kick butt against the villains and use their vehicles in an action-packed matter. Much like with fellow-SIP show W.I.T.C.H., the Animation is very unique (Heck, it doesn't even look like something a Disney subsidiary would produce!) and is heavily inspired from Anime and Comic Books.In some countries the show is a spin-off to the Action Man toyline (abit in-name only) and known as Action Man A.T.O.M. Alpha Teens on Machines is an French/American animated series produced by SIP Animation and premiered on the US Jetix on August 27, 2005.
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